Acute inflammation and influenza: Innovative nanoparticle vaccination studies in a pig model
Abstract
According to the reports of World Health Organization (WHO), around three to five million people are infected with seasonal influenza annually and approximately 250,000 to 500,000 people die worldwide. The risk of influenza associated complications are due to severe inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract, and it is common in children <5 years, pregnant women, elderly individuals and people with chronic medical conditions. Influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 are the major currently circulating viruses among humans. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza in humans. Influenza virus primarily infects epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract mucosa, and nasal virus shedding forms the means of viral transmission. Hence, induction of strong mucosal antibody and cell-mediated immune responses are beneficial for efficient protection during influenza epidemics and pandemics. But protection from currently used influenza vaccines varies from 10 to 60%, and it induces poor mucosal immune responses. Since inflammation associated with IAV infection is a ‘double edge sword’, control of infection-associated morbidity is essential. It is possible only through the use of potent intranasal influenza vaccines, which induce robust mucosal immune response and alleviates inflammation in the respiratory tract. This review article summarizes inflammatory responses triggered by IAV infection causing severe pulmonary disease, and the novel mucosal vaccination strategies, tested in a pig model, that have been showing promise to mitigate influenza-induced immunopathology.
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